When in Spain many people may wonder about scorpions, spiders and venomous snakes and will not be aware that they are much more likely to endanger themselves and their pets by getting too close to an innocent looking line of caterpillars that can be found crossing a pavement, road or footpath during the first months of the year. So, what are the dangers of Pine Processionary Caterpillars?

First lets learn a bit about their lifecycle.

Pine processionary caterpillars and their life cycle

• Moths lay their eggs high on pine trees in late summer early autumn
• After hatching, the larvae start consuming pine needles while going through five instars. (moults) During the he first two instars the hairs are not developed and this is the time when natural predation by birds and other animals mostly happen
• By the third instar the white silken protective nests are built to maintain ideal living conditions. At this point the urticating hairs are developed.
• Around the end of March the caterpillars are ready to leave their nests and move down the tree in their characteristic procession.
• They dig underground and pupate. (sometimes up to three years in this state).
• At the end of the summer the moths emerge and start the process again however depending on weather and other conditions the pupas may stay in the ground for up to three years so this years moths might not be last years caterpillars.

The life cycle in more detail

The pine processionary caterpillar (Thaumetopoea pityocampa) will, during late winter/early spring, be coming out of pine trees and forming conspicuous snake-like lines. They will not be far from a pine tree, but that does not mean that you will only see them in large pine woods, they are just as likely to be found in villages and road side plantings in fact wherever pine trees are present. One of the first signs to be aware of is their white silken nests attached to a branch tip, these become most obvious around December to March. (These caterpillars are known as ‘procesionaria del pino’ in Spanish)

Here is a great video from Sue at Nature Plus Grazalema showing the habitat, procession and burrowing into soft ground to pupate

As a moth it has no means of causing us harm, it is only during the development as a caterpillar that you need to be cautious of this small creature.

The moths seek out pine trees in the warm sun from late summer and into autumn. They lay clusters of eggs on the pine needles and so the process begins. There are 5 instars or growth stages (see above image) to these caterpillars, where they gorge on pine needles, shed their skins and double in size. This growth occurs during the winter when they disperse through the tree at night to feed, thereby avoiding predation, and collect in communal nests by day to increase their warmth and ability to digest. Note that the white candyfloss like nests are cleverly positioned for maximum sunshine.

By February these nests can be looking a bit dishevelled, this is because a nest may hold around 300 caterpillars and with no single entrance hole they push their way through the layers, the green bits collecting at the base and falling to the ground beneath are excrement.

The time for them to leave the nest in preparation for the next part of their lifecycle varies with temperature, spanning from January in warmer areas to April in the cool of the mountains, with a few even falling from the trees during windy weather. It is as they leave the trees that most people and pets come into contact with the caterpillars, sometimes with very painful consequences. They are the only caterpillar here to form a long chain, touching nose to tail. This snake-like procession is a real giveaway as to their identity. The line may stretch for a metre or two but if disturbed there could be several smaller groups and scattered individuals. (Each being around 3 to 4cm long). They have gone through a long feeding phase and will now search for a suitable place to burrow underground where they will undergo major changes, from caterpillar through to a moth – without nourishment.

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Dangers to humans and pets

The danger that they pose to humans and animals is a very simple defence mechanism designed to stop them from becoming a meal themselves. Each caterpillar is covered with tiny barbed hairs, it is these which do us harm. They are constantly being dropped throughout its time as a caterpillar. They are too tiny to see, but cover the branches of the tree where the creatures have been feasting and of course the nests are loaded with them. They are even in the air around a heavily infested tree.

Direct contact with the Processionary Caterpillar colonies as they disperse can easily be avoided once you are aware of what to look out for. Inquisitive children, adults and pets must not get too close – it is even said that treading on them has lead to a reaction, as the hairs caught on your shoe can come into contact with your skin at a latter hour.

When humans come into contact with these hairs, they can cause reactions ranging from mild inflammation and irritation to severe anaphylactic shock. If the hairs contact your skin a rash soon forms which can be incredibly itchy, painful and lasts for as much as three weeks. The worst problems occur if you make contact with the caterpillar directly and ingest the hairs. If you get any reaction from contact with these insects medical advice should be sought.

Veterinary services have many emergency calls at the time when the caterpillars are migrating to the ground as dogs can get too close to the intriguing procession and may pick up the hairs onto their paws, these irritate and so they lick them. Once the hairs are on the lips/tongue it will induce itching, swelling and possibly vomiting. Look out for the symptoms of: small white spots in the mouth and on tongue, excessive drooling and chomping.  In some cases partial amputation of the tongue is the best course of action.

These pests which eat only pine needles, are found in warmer parts of Southern Europe, North Africa and across to the Near East. Milder winters are allowing these insects to expand into new areas, both into more northern latitudes and higher elevations. Their favored food tree is Black pine (Pinus nigra) followed by Canary Island pine (Pinus canariensis), Scots Pine (Pinus sylvestris), Maritime Pine (Pinus pinaster), Aleppo Pine (Pinus halepensis) and Stone Pine (Pinus pinea).

Under no circumstances should you try to handle the caterpillars or their nests.

Another video from Sue at Nature Plus Grazalema with an impressive procession of over 100 caterpillars looking for somewhere to pupapte.

Predation by other animals

• Wild boar, fox and hedgehog are known to dig up and eat the pupating larvae in the ground.
• Various bird species can eat the caterpillars but its important to remember that the caterpillars are only really edible during their first two instars. After this the urticating hairs are also irritating to birdlife which then avoids them.
• Many people claim that birds will feed the processionary caterpillars to their young but timing here is the key. Very few birds (zero) in Spain are feeding their young during November, December and January before the caterpillars reach their third instar.

Control and removal of the pine processionary caterpillar in Spain

Single traps are designed specifically to target processionary moth larvae, they are a simple and effective way to manage pine processionary caterpillars at a local level. The trap takes advantage of the caterpillars’ natural behaviours: simply install the trap on to an infested tree-trunk. After a few days, the caterpillars will begin to descend.

You can buy single traps from Amazon available in both the Spanish and the UK Amazon stores

In Spain, many town halls have a system set up to help remove localised nests and natural parks have used aerial spraying repeatedly to control this invasive species.

More about bugs and beasties in Spain here: https://wildsideholidays.co.uk/bugs-and-beasties-in-spain/

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